Showing all posts tagged: astronomy
These are end days for the Voyager space probes
4 December 2024
It almost seems inconceivable that, one year soon, deep space probes Voyager 1 and 2, will cease to function. At some point their on-board power reserves will be completely drained, rendering the vessels unable to collect data, and send it to mission controllers on Earth. We know their batteries will go flat sooner or later, and what equipment that hasn’t yet failed, will eventually. But by the time that happens, they may have been operational for fifty-years.
Both probes have experienced numerous faults of some sort, which mission controllers have mostly been able to rectify. Despite them being almost a light-day distant. Boosting their supply of power, being able to somehow recharge the batteries though, is unfortunately not a solution that can be effected. Various on-board systems can be shut down, but that only acts to conserve power, not replenish it. It’ll be a strange day, the day we learn we’ll no longer hear from either vessel.
Still, the New Horizons probe, which flew passed Pluto in 2015, is still operating as far as I know, so maybe we’ll continue to hear from at least one of our deep space emissaries, after the lights go off on the Voyager probes.
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astronomy, science, technology
The Wow! signal, sun-like stars, and an abundance of hydrogen
28 November 2024
Did an extra-terrestrial intelligence attempt to message us in the distant past? Or did an Earth based radio telescope, nicknamed Big Ear, inadvertently eavesdrop in on a snippet of a conversation between two other alien civilisations? These are among some of the many explanations advanced to understand the so-called Wow! signal, a suspected narrowband radio transmission detected by Jerry R. Ehman, an astronomer working on an early inception of the SETI Project, almost fifty years ago.
Despite being a narrowband signal, which might indicate the presence of intelligent life somewhere, there could any number of explanations to account for the supposed transmission. Some sort of natural phenomena, one we do not yet understand, may well be the cause.
But that hasn’t stopped anyone from daring to live in hope, even though no identical, or repeat, signals have seemingly been observed since. Alberto Caballero, a Spanish astronomer, using data collected by the Gaia space observatory, analysed the area of the galaxy where the Wow! originated. He found about sixty stars, similar to our star, the Sun, in the region. For people searching for signs of extra-terrestrial intelligence, sun-like stars are a common starting point.
If intelligent life emerged here on Earth, a planet orbiting a G-Type main-sequence star, the Sun, then just maybe the same could happen on an Earth-like plant, around another star similar to the Sun, somewhere else. In his research, Caballero identified a candidate star of particular interest to him, with the catchy name of 2MASS 19281982-2640123, located some eighteen-hundred light years from us. Take a second to consider that. Travelling at the speed of light, the would-be transmission was sent during the height of the Roman Empire.
But, in a galaxy quite possibly devoid of intelligent life, with the exception of humanity — if current indications are anything to go by — how incredible would it be that a narrowband-radio-signal-transmitting-alien-civilisation turned out to be — on a cosmological scale — a mere hop, skip, and jump, away?
2MASS 19281982-2640123, and any planets the star may host however, was eliminated after a radio telescope scan last year. Observations, conducted by two radio telescopes, failed to detect any technosignatures, which would point to the presence of a technological civilisation. But not all is lost, there are another sixty or so possible stars Caballero, and other astronomers, could look at next.
Then again, for those hoping the Wow! was sent by someone, far, far away, perhaps all is lost. Fred Watson, an Australian astronomer, writing for Australian Geographic, says some new research conducted by American and Colombian scientists, has discovered numerous instances of Wow! signal like phenomena throughout space:
In research recently announced, a team from the USA and Colombia have used data from a since decommissioned radio telescope at Arecibo in Puerto Rico to look for similar phenomena to the Wow! signal. And they’ve found them, differing only from the original in their lower intensity. All these signals carry the wavelength signature of cold hydrogen, the most abundant element in the universe. It’s commonly expected to be the preferred wavelength for communication by intelligent extraterrestrials — hence the Big Ear’s tuning to this wavelength in the original SETI experiment.
This is not the first time hydrogen has been theorised to be somehow responsible for the Wow!. In 2017, a group of researchers at the Center of Planetary Science said they had determined a hydrogen cloud, accompanying a comet, that was in the region of the galaxy where the Wow! was detected, was the cause. Other scientists, however, were not comfortable with the idea.
It remains to be seen what other astronomers make of the conclusion of the American and Colombian scientists. It seems to me though, the remaining, unchecked sun-like stars, and any surrounding planets, Caballero suspects may be the origin of the Wow!, should be looked more closely anyway. Because one never knows what lurks behind all that hydrogen.
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Unfortunately, colonising Mars is not a great idea
23 September 2024
There’s the challenge. There’s the adventure, the pioneering spirit, of setting off to another planet. Not everything is, or should be, easy. But are those really the right reasons for wishing to establish a human colony on the fourth rock from the Sun, Mars?
Mars does not have a magnetosphere. Any discussion of humans ever settling the red planet can stop right there, but of course it never does. Do you have a low-cost plan for, uh, creating a gigantic active dynamo at Mars’s dead core? No? Well. It’s fine. I’m sure you have some other workable, sustainable plan for shielding live Mars inhabitants from deadly solar and cosmic radiation, forever. No? Huh. Well then let’s discuss something else equally realistic, like your plan to build a condo complex in Middle Earth.
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Another day, another problem with Voyager 1, solved
20 September 2024
Data the nearly fifty-year old deep space probe was returning to Earth earlier this year, was getting all scrambled up. But dutiful mission controllers sorted that out. This despite Voyager 1 being so far away that it’d take a day to reach, assuming we had a vessel that could travel at the speed of light.
More recently, Voyager 1 has been having have trouble using correcting thrusters that keep the probe’s antenna pointed at Earth. Fuel pipes to the aging thrusters have begun to clog up, rendering them inoperative. Mission controllers, at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, in California, however have been able to re-activate another set of thrusters — unused in decades — and effect a fix.
As a result of its exceptionally long-lived mission, Voyager 1 experiences issues as its parts age in the frigid outer reaches beyond our solar system. When an issue crops up, engineers at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, have to get creative while still being careful of how the spacecraft will react to any changes.
If you want a tricky problem solved, ask a mission controller from one of the automated space missions to help. And of course Apollo 13.
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astronomy, science, technology
The physics of running and keeping fit on the Moon
8 July 2024
Rhett Allain, writing for Wired, looks at the physics of this important question.
If humanity is ever to establish bases on the Moon, ways of keeping occupants fit in the low lunar gravity need to be worked out. A wall of death sort of gizmo, that’s a little like a stationary hamster-wheel, but turned on its side, that emulates Earth-like levels of gravity, may be a solution. But there might be more effective alternatives.
But check out the article’s artist impression of a suited up astronaut “jogging” on the surface of the Moon. Straight up running in this way is a fanciful keep fit option unfortunately, as simple as the idea may at first seem. It’s too bad though, because what a sight it would be to behold: Earth floating in the lunar sky, as you ran.
I doubt Earth would be quite as big as depicted in Nzoka John’s image, but it still be quite the spectacle. And on the subject of what Earth might look like from the surface of the Moon, a gallery of images by American illustrator and writer Ron Miller, depicting how other planets in the solar system would appear from Earth, if they were as close as the Moon.
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art, astronomy, illustration, physics, science
Potentially habitable Earth size planet forty light years away
4 July 2024
That’s the good news. Tory Shepherd, writing for The Guardian, says the recently discovered exoplanet, dubbed Gliese 12b, might be able to host liquid water. We all know what that means. If there’s water, there may be life. Gliese 12b is so named because it orbits a star called Gliese. Now for the bad news. Gliese is a red dwarf.
I personally don’t have a problem with red dwarf, or M-type, stars. They’re actually kind of cool. And common. Up to seventy-five percent of stars in the cosmos are thought to be red dwarfs. The star nearest to Earth, Proxima Centauri, is a red dwarf. And while most stars in the universe have relatively short lifespans — for instance the Sun, which is about half way through its ten billion year life — red dwarfs live for trillions of years.
The last stars — as we currently understand them, at least — shining in the universe, will be red dwarfs. Go the red dwarfs. But, the problem is any planets orbiting in a red dwarf’s habitable-zone, will be tidally locked. That is, only one side of the planet will face its host star. That half of the planet therefore, in this case Gliese 12b, will be overly warm, while the other, dark side, will be rather cold.
This may not be particularly conducive to life. But some scientists have suggested life on planets orbiting red dwarfs in the habitable-zone, may take hold near the day-night terminator. This is where it will be neither too hot, nor too cold. But this would be an extremely narrow corridor, somewhat limiting the chances of life, especially intelligent life, developing.
Then there’s the red dwarfs themselves. They’re prone to regularly emitting intense radiation flares, which could have the effect of sterilising the surface of nearby planets. This points to the likelihood of Gliese 12b not being all that habitable at all. I think we need to reserve our excitement for the discovery of habitable Earth size planets, for maybe when they’re found orbiting other types of stars.
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Did the universe exist before the Big Bang? Maybe…
27 June 2024
What happened, or was there, before the Big Bang that is said to have brought the universe into being? Was there nothing, to which something came? It is the question of the ages.
In his recent documentary series, Universe, British physicist Brian Cox posits that the universe existed before the Big Bang. How long this pre Big Bang entity had been there, or its origins, remain unknown however. How fascinating these before-the-beginning sort of questions are.
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astronomy, philosophy, physics, science
The search for the distant Planet Nine continues
27 May 2024
Weird stuff is happening out on the remote boundary of the solar system. Beyond the orbit of Pluto. You name it, it’s going on out there. Irregularities. Anomalies. Clustering of apsidal lines. Perihelia. And — saving the best for last — a surprising prevalence of retrograde Centaurs.
These anomalies include the apparent clustering of apsidal lines of long-period trans-Neptunian object (TNO) orbits, the alignment of their orbital planes, the existence of objects with perihelia extending far beyond Neptune’s gravitational influence, the highly extended distribution of TNO inclinations, and the surprising prevalence of retrograde Centaurs. Collectively, these irregularities hint at the existence of a yet-undiscovered massive planet, tentatively named Planet Nine (P9), whose gravitational influence sculpts the outer reaches of trans-Neptunian space (Batygin et al., 2019).
But this is nothing new. Astronomers have been aware of this activity for some time.
Many postulate this weirdness points to the existence of an — as yet — undiscovered, large-ish planet, out beyond the known planets of the solar system. Some incredible distance out beyond the known planets. Planet Nine, if it exists, is thought to be orbiting the Sun at an approximate distance of twenty times that of Neptune to the Sun.
The gravitational influence of Planet Nine, combined with its extreme distance from the Sun, is enough to interfere with what would otherwise be predictable orbits of the numerous TNO objects, of which Pluto is one.
Planet Nine sort of comes along and displaces — sweeps aside, perhaps — these TNOs. While the presence of a larger planet therefore appears to be the logical explanation for the various irregularities and anomalies witnessed in the outer solar system, scientists are yet to clap eyes the elusive body. Or even calculate its position mathematically, for that matter.
If Planet Nine is found, here’s hoping one of Earth’s space agencies dispatches a probe pronto to go and take a good look at it.
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Extraterrestrials may arrive in 500 years, but not in flying saucers
30 April 2024
In the late 1960’s, former United States President Jimmy Carter, reported seeing an Unidentified Flying Object (UFO). Today unexplained objects, or phenomena, seen in the skies, are referred to as Unidentified Anomalous Phenomenon (UAP). Carter, however, was not expecting to participate in any historic close encounter of the third kind:
While puzzled by the object and its origins, Carter himself later said that, while he had considered the object to be a UFO — on the grounds it was unexplained — his knowledge of physics had meant he had not believed himself to be witnessing an alien spacecraft.
Some people may be unhappy that Carter allowed physics to get in the way of a good story. Because wouldn’t it be great if we could whiz about the galaxy in a vessel the size of the average suburban house, which every other intelligence in the galactic neighbourhood seems capable of, except us.
House-size flying saucers defy the laws of physics, because, you know, their builders seemingly are able to defy the laws of physics. It would however be awesome to zap back and forth to say the nearest star system, Alpha Centauri, in a house-size vessel that could travel (presumably/somehow) faster than the speed of light. At least I’m not breaking the laws of dreaming there.
But if close-to-light-speed interstellar travel, together with the possibly of extraterrestrials visiting Earth (from the far side of the Milky Way, no less) intrigues you, read this Twitter/X post, by American physicist Casey Handmer. Visitors from civilisations, from maybe fifty thousand light years across the galaxy, may be mere centuries away from reaching our solar system:
Let’s say that any civilization that can figure out interstellar travel can develop from slow to 99% of the speed of light in 500 years, and they’re coming from the other side of the galaxy — 50,000 years ago. By the time the light of their first (presumably highly energetic, fireworksy) relativistic travel reaches us, they’re already 99% of the way here – just 500 years to roll out the welcome mat.
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Extra-terrestrials may not want Earth as part of their galactic empire
19 April 2024
A conquering interstellar civilisation could bring the entire galaxy under its yoke in about a million years, assuming said civilisation could traverse the Milky Way at about ten percent the speed of light. I expect it’d be a multi-generational undertaking.
It’d also be up to those who conceived of the original vision to conquer the galaxy, to find a way to keep their descendants motivated. A million years is a long time.
This might be one reason why we’ve not encountered any extra-terrestrial lifeforms so far. No one has the energy to invade the whole galaxy, so they’ve stayed in their corner, undetected. But there is another possibility. The all-powerful invaders are being picky.
They’re only acquiring sections of the Milky Way, and the planets in those regions, that are of some sort of value to them. Perhaps Earth is not in that category.
This is the upshot of the latest Kurzgesagt video presentation. An interesting theory. We are not alone, but we are not wanted.
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